IPO को इनिशियल पब्लिक ऑफरिंग (INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING) कहते हैं। जब कोई कंपनी पहली बार अपने शेयर पब्लिक को ऑफर करती है तो इसे IPO कहते हैं। IPO के जरिए कंपनी फंड इकट्ठा करती है और उस फंड को कंपनी अपनी जरूरत के हिसाब से खर्च करती है। IPO खरीदने के बदले निवेशकों को कंपनी में हिस्सेदारी मिल जाती है। एक कंपनी एक से ज्यादा बार भी IPO ला सकती है, जिसे FPO कहते हैं।
कंपनियां IPO क्यों लाती हैं?
जब किसी कंपनी को अपना विस्तार करने के लिए, कर्ज कम करने के लिए, नए प्रोडक्ट या सर्विसेज के लॉन्च के लिए पैसों की आवश्यकता होती है तो ज्यादातर कंपनी शेयर बाजार में अपनी हिस्सेदारी बेचकर आम जनता से पैसा उठा लेती हैं। वैसे वे किसी बैंक लोन का सहारा भी ले सकती है, लेकिन बैंक लोन कंपनी को एक निश्चित समय पर निश्चित ब्याज के साथ लौटाना होता है। जबकि अगर कंपनी IPO के जरिए फंड इकट्ठा करती है तो उसे किसी को न तो वह पैसा लौटाना पड़ता है और न ही किसी तरह का ब्याज देना पड़ता है।
IPO खरीदने वाले निवेशकों को बदले में कंपनी में कुछ प्रतिशत की हिस्सेदारी मिल जाती है। इस तरह से IPO से कंपनी को फायदा होता है।
IPO के प्रकार
IPO को उसकी कीमत के हिसाब से दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
- फिक्स प्राईस इश्यू या फिक्स प्राईस IPO (FIX PRICE ISSUE OR FIX PRICE IPO)
- बुक बिल्डिंग इश्यू या बुक बिल्डिंग IPO (BOOK BUILDING IPO)
फिक्स प्राईस IPO (FIX PRICE IPO)
IPO जारी करने वाली कंपनी IPO जारी करने से पहले IPO का एक फिक्स प्राईस डिसाइड करती है। उस फिक्स प्राईस पर ही कोई भी इनवेस्टर IPO को सबस्क्राईब कर सकते हैं। आप केवल उसी प्राइस पर IPO खरीद सकते हैं जो प्राईस निर्धारित किए गए है।
बुक बिल्डिंग IPO (BOOK BUILDING IPO)
इसमें कंपनी IPO का एक प्राईस बैंड डिसाइड करती है। जब IPO की प्राईस बैंड डिसाइड हो जाती है उसके बाद ही इसे जारी किया जाता है। इसके बाद डिसाइड किए गए प्राईस बैंड में से इनवेस्टर अपनी बिड सबस्क्राईब करते हैं। बुक बिल्डिंग IPO के प्राईस बैंड दो तरह के होते हैं-
- Floor Price: कम कीमत वाले प्राइस बैंड को कहते हैं।
- CAP Price: अधिक कीमत वाले प्राइस बैंड को कहते हैं।
यदि किसी कंपनी ने अपने एक शेयर का प्राइस बैंड ₹72 – ₹79 निर्धारित किया तो Floor Price ₹72 और CAP Price ₹79 होगा।
बुक बिल्डिंग IPO में कैप प्राईस (CAP PRICE) और फ्लोर प्राईस (FLOOR PRICE) में 20% का अंतर रखा जा सकता है।
IPO में इनवेस्ट कैसे करें?
IPO जारी करने वाली कंपनी अपने IPO को इनवेस्टर्स के लिए 3-10 दिनों के लिए ओपन करती है।
आप इन निश्चित दिनों के भीतर IPO में इनवेस्ट कर सकते हैं। IPO में किसी भी बैंक, BHIM UPI, Net banking, Registered Stock Broker जैसे- Zerodha, Upstox, Angel Broking etc. के द्वारा आवेदन किया जा सकता है।
अब अगर IPO फिक्स प्राईस इश्यू है, तो उसी फिक्स प्राईस पर IPO के लिए अप्लाई किया जाता है। यदि IPO बुक बिल्डिंग इश्यू है तो उसी बुक बिल्डिंग इश्यू पर ही बिड लगानी होगी।
IPO का Allotment कैसे होता है?
IPO की क्लोजिंग तारिख के बाद कंपनी IPO का अलॉटमेंट करती है। इस प्रोसेस में कंपनी सभी इनवेस्टर्स को IPO अलॉट करती है। इनवेस्टर्स को IPO अलॉट होने के बाद शेयर भारत के दो बड़े स्टॉक एक्सचेंज बॉम्बे स्टॉक एक्सचेंज (BSE) और नेशनल स्टॉक एक्सचेंज (NSE) पर लिस्ट हो जाते हैं। जब तक शेयर, स्टॉक मार्केट में लिस्ट नहीं होते हैं तब तक उन्हें बेचा नहीं जा सकता हैं। स्टॉक एक्सचेंज पर लिस्ट होने के बाद इन्हें शेयर बाज़ार में ख़रीदा और बेचा जाता है।
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